A new and thorough investigation of Leibniz's calculator has been carried out. When Burkhardt investigated the calculating machine between 1894 and 1896 he concluded that it could never have functioned since the multiple decimal carrying mechanism was defective. Burkhardt overlooked, however, the fact that the two phases of the adding process are to a great extent independent of each other. By means of a reconstruction it has now been proved that Leibniz's calculator was completely functional.

Sounding Fragilities enacts a polyphony of writing on contemporary composition, music and performing arts in relation to music theatre. Co-edited by a theatre and performance scholar and by a composer and artistic researcher, this anthology considers its field of investigation through the lens of positionalities. Irene Lehmann and Pia Palme invite readers into intimate encounters with an artist's practice, feminist and queer perspectives, and personal explorations into aspects of musicology, theatre studies, technology and ecology. By presenting female* composers who (...) write with/through/about their own practice, Sounding Fragilities is a remarkable contribution to an interdisciplinary debate around the agency of artistic research. With this synthesis, the editors evaluate how moving beyond the binary of art and science reveals the rich yet fragile territories of artistic knowledge-production and literacy in music theatre. Sounding Fragilities: An Anthology brings together essays, discussions and interventions on contemporary music, dance and music theatre to offer a polyphony of new approaches to listening, watching, composing and performing. Artistic and academic researchers present reflections and insights into the fragilities of artistic materials, collaborations and the communities that build around live performances. Challenging the idea of isolated composers, choreographers, audience members and academic researchers, they stress instead the interconnectedness of these positions as indispensable elements of thriving performance and research. This feature of all live performance is envisaged by several of the book's contributors as linked to political, democratic thought and ecological or feminist thinking. (shrink)

Il est présent dans toutes les images d'un film, parfois même dans les sons. C'est un ingrédient indispensable du scénario. Il définit la singularité de l'histoire d'un film. Il porte notre désir du film, pendant et bien après son visionnage. Cet obscur objet du désir-cinéma, pensé le plus souvent par le scénariste, oriente le travail du réalisateur. John Truby, scénariste réputé, le nomme 'concept' (high concept). Pourtant, jamais le scénariste n'explique comment le concept d'un film vient à son esprit. L'inspiration (...) ne suffit pas. Maîtriser l'art du concept de cinéma, c'est comprendre la manière dont il s'articule au film, c'est apprendre à faire des films."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

The unexpected death of a child is one of the most challenging losses as it fractures survivors’ sense of parenthood and other layers of identity. Given that not all the bereaved parents who have need for support respond well to available treatments and that many have little access to further intervention or follow-up over time, online interventions featuring therapeutic writing and peer support have strong potential. In this article we explore how a group of bereaved mothers experienced the process of (...) participating in an online course in therapeutic writing for the integration of grief. Our research questions were: How do parents who have lost a child experience being part of an online course in therapeutic writing? What are the perceived benefits and challenges of writing in processing their grief? We followed an existential phenomenological approach and analyzed fieldwork notes (n= 13), qualitative data from the application and assessment surveys (n= 35;n= 21), excerpts from the journals of some participants (n= 3), and email correspondence with some participants (n= 5). We categorized the results in three meaning units: (1) where does my story begin? The “both and” of their silent chaos; (2) standing on the middle line: a pregnancy that does not end; (3) closures and openings: “careful optimism” and the need for community support. Participants experienced writing as an opportunity for self-exploration regarding their identities and their emotional world, as well as a means to develop and strengthen a bond with their children. They also experienced a sense of belonging, validation, and acceptance in the online group in a way that helped them make sense of their suffering. Online writing courses could be of benefit for bereaved parents who are grieving the unexpected death of a child, but do not replace other interventions such as psychotherapy. In addition to trauma and attachment informed models of grief, identity informed models with a developmental focus might enhance the impact of both low-threshold community interventions and more intensive clinical ones. Further studies and theoretical development in the area are needed, addressing dialogical notions such as the multivoicedness of the self. (shrink)

In contrast to the successful previous year, 2020 turned out to be difficult, not only for the earth’s population due to COVID-19 but also for JDDM with an unusually small sixth volume. Looking back at these two very different years back-to-back led us to some reflection: As the COVID-19 pandemic forcefully illustrates, dynamic decision-making with all its complications and uncertainty is a topic of high relevance for modern societies.

Background Effective healthcare delivery in today's diverse society necessitates healthcare providers' adeptness in navigating cultural and religious nuances in patient care. However, the integration of cultural competence training into medical education remains inadequate, particularly concerning the care of Muslim patients. In response, we introduce a novel educational intervention aimed at enhancing intercultural proficiency among medical students, emphasizing care for Muslim patients. Methods The intervention comprised interactive seminars and simulated patient sessions. With a bespoke and the Cross-Cultural Competence of Healthcare Professionals (...) (CCCHP-27) questionnaire the pre- and post-course intercultural competencies of n = 31 medical students of the Medical Faculty of Jena University were assessed. Additionally, there was a control group consisting of 34 students. Statistical analyses including descriptive statistics, paired samples t-tests, Wilcoxon tests, correlation analysis, Mann–Whitney U-tests, and multiple regression analysis were employed for data analysis. Results Results of the bespoke questionnaire reveal significant improvements in intercultural knowledge (median pre 1.0 (0.6 – 1.6), median post 2.2 (2.4-2.8), p < 0.001) and in knowledge regarding Muslim patients (median pre 1.0 (0.5 – 1.5), median post 2.5 (2-3), p < 0.001) following the course. Regarding the CCCHP-27, students demonstrated a significant improvement in their skills, with pre-assessment score of 4.10 (± 0.47) and post-assessment score of 4.38 (± 0.40), p = 0.001. Female participants and those with limited prior experience demonstrated greater gains (p = 0.005 and p = 0.053). Notably, the incorporation of a session with a simulated patient garnered favorable feedback, affirming the efficacy of practical application in consolidating learning outcomes. Discussion Our study emphasizes the importance of integrating intercultural competencies training into medical education and our findings underscore the efficacy of targeted educational interventions in enhancing intercultural competencies among medical students. For the assessment of intercultural competence, our bespoke questionnaire serves as a valuable addition to the German healthcare system. Conclusion Implementation of similar interventions into medical curricula nationwide is imperative to address the needs of diverse patient populations effectively. (shrink)

Seit 1923 erscheinen in der Sammlung Tusculum ma gebende Editionen griechischer und lateinischer Werke mit deutscher bersetzung. Die Originaltexte werden zudem eingeleitet und umfassend kommentiert; nach der neuen Konzeption bieten schlie lich thematische Essays tiefere Einblicke in das Werk, seinen historischen Kontext und sein Nachleben. Die hohe wissenschaftliche Qualit t der Ausgaben, gepaart mit dem leserfreundlichen Sprachstil der Einf hrungs- und Kommentarteile, macht jeden Tusculum-Band zu einer fundamentalen Lekt re nicht nur f r Studierende, die sich zum ersten Mal einem (...) antiken Autor n hern, und f r Wissenschaftler, die spezifische Aspekte eines Werkes vertiefen m chten, sondern f r alle, die sich durch vertrauensw rdige bersetzungen einen Zugang zur Antiken Welt verschaffen wollen. In der Reihe wurden bisher ber 270 Titel publiziert, alle erh ltlich als Buch und eBook. Dadruch werden bislang vergriffene Titel und Rarit ten wieder vollst ndig verf gbar gemacht. Zus tzlich zu der Buchreihe erscheint bei De Gruyter zum 90-j hrigen Jubil um das eBook-PaketTusculum Online, eine digitale Sammlung aller von 1923 bis 2013 erschienenen Titel -eine geb hrende W rdigung eines wichtigen St cks deutscher Verlagsgeschichte. Mehr Informationen rund um Tusculum erhalten Sie unter: www.degruyter.com/tusculum. (shrink)

The facts concerning the occurrence of superconductivity in R 2- z Ce z CuO 4 and in R 2- z Th z CuO 4 are studied using a combination of simple tools: a hard-sphere model, the self-consistent bond-valence-sum method and Madelung potential calculations. Doping by isolated substitutional Ce should produce Ce 3+ , and not Ce 4+ , causing us to conclude that the dopants are not isolated, but pairs, which make the material p type and not n type. The (...) L = 0 magnetic rare-earth ions Gd and Cm are unsplit pair breakers, unlike the other magnetic rare-earth ions which lead to superconductivity. As the rare-earth ions become smaller, the c -axis length shortens; then the O ions rotate after they come into contact with one another. Eu 1.85 Th 0.15 CuO 4 does not superconduct because quadrivalent Th is too large to fit at the dopant site, but Eu 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 does superconduct because Ce fits. (shrink)

v. A. -- v. B. -- v. C/D. -- v. E/F. -- v. G. -- v. H. (2 pts.) -- v. IJK. -- v. Kant . (2 pts.) -- v. L. -- v. M. (2 pts.) -- v. N/O. -- v. P/Q. (2 pts.).

Das geniale Jugendwerk "Die Bestimmung des Menschen", das der Aufklarungstheologe Johann Joachim Spalding 1748 erstmals vorlegte und bis 1794 in insgesamt 11 autorisierten Auflagen ausgehen liess, gab einer "Basisidee der deutschen Aufklarung" (N. Hinske) literarischen Ausdruck und trug zur Karriere der philosophischen Anthropologie im 18. Jahrhundert massgeblich bei. Diese popularphilosophische, auf rationale Evidenz zielende und darum offenbarungstheologisch voraussetzungslose Schrift sollte in der Form eines inneren Dialogs den Prozess existentieller Selbstverstandigung exemplarisch skizzieren. In der religiosen Vertiefung des Moralitatsgedankens erscheinen Gott (...) und Unsterblichkeit fur Spalding, darin auf seinen spateren Briefpartner I. Kant vorausweisend, als regulative Ideen: Erst der Begriff des "ganzen Lebens" gibt zu erkennen, dass der Mensch in "diesem Leben" dazu bestimmt ist, "rechtschaffen und in der Rechtschaffenheit gluckselig zu seyn". Die vorliegende Edition bietet erstmals eine integrative Wiedergabe aller Textstufen sowie vorab den fortlaufenden Text der Erstausgabe. Der Band ist durch eine bundige Einleitung, eingehende Erlauterungen und ausfuhrliche Register erschlossen. Mit ihm wird der theologischen, philosophischen und literaturwissenschaftlichen Aufklarungsforschung ein zentraler Leittext editorisch prazise und leserfreundlich zur Verfugung gestellt. (shrink)

Au cours des diverses périodes allant de 1062 au début du xviie siècle, hommes et femmes se spécialisent dans des rôles différents dans les tournois, en fonction des types d’épreuves et du pays où elles se déroulent. En commençant par le haut, une reine comme Catherine d’Aragon pouvait être la promotrice désignée d’un tournoi royal et, sur le continent, à l’occasion de mariages de cour, les épouses et leurs filles d’honneur constituaient le groupe central des personnages regardant les actions depuis (...) leurs balcons. En Allemagne, seules les jeunes femmes vertueuses étaient admises à la finale de la danse de la bougie. À la Cour anglaise, les femmes ne déterminaient pas les vainqueurs des tournois ; cela était une prérogative réservée aux hérauts et juges du tournoi. Lors de la cérémonie pour les vainqueurs, seules les dames des plus hauts échelons de la société distribuaient les prix à partir des décisions des hérauts. Même si, lors des cérémonies d’ouverture, les adversaires et/ou répondants paradaient occasionnellement avec leurs « inévitables jeunes demoiselles » dans un char, les jeunes femmes n’appartenaient pas à la liste des prix, mais à l’imagination des chevaliers. Les faits et la fiction étaient des mondes séparés qui, cependant, s’influençaient mutuellement fortement. Malgré les tentations, les amours courtisanes et les tournois ne se sont jamais vraiment rencontrés sur les terrains de joutes. Les hommes restaient entre eux et les représentantes du beau sexe de toutes les strates sociales inférieures n’étaient autorisées qu’en tant que spectatrices. (shrink)

Der Katalog präsentiert acht zeitgenössische Fotografinnen und Fotografen aus ganz Europa und dem Libanon: Pierre Bismuth, Kristleifur Björnsson, Sanna Kannisto, Joachim Koester, Jochen Lempert, Walid Raad / The Atlas Group, Ana Torfs, Costa Vece. In ihren Arbeiten spiegelt sich die Auseinandersetzung mit Rechercheformen und Formfindungen der Wissenschaft in besonders aufschlussreicher Weise. Dabei stehen biologische Forschungen im südamerikanischen Regenwald neben soziologischen und historischen Fragestellungen, polit- wie geisteswissenschaftliche Perspektiven werden eingenommen oder imitiert.

Albert Lewis's article analysing the influence of Friedrich Schleiermacher on Hermann Grassmann, stimulated many different studies on the founder of n-dimensional outer algebra.Following a brief outline of the various, sometimes diverging, analyses of Grassmann's creative thinking, new research is presented which confirms Lewis's original contribution and widens it considerably. It will be shown that:i. Grassmann, although a self-taught mathematician, was at the centre of a hitherto understated intellectual trend, which was defining for Germany. Initiated by Pestalozzi's concept of elementary mathematical (...) education and culminating in the modern mathematics of the late 19th Century, it was reflected in the contributions of Grassmann, Riemann, Jacobi and Eisenstein.ii. Hermann Grassmann, his father Justus, and his brother Robert were all demonstrably influenced by Schleiermacher's dialectic; however the two brothers responded to it in very different ways.iii. Whilst the more philosophical parts of Hermann's 1844 Extension Theory are characterised by the influence of Schleiermacher and also by the mathematical knowledge of his father, the entire development of this work is the unfolding of a single idea based on the father's interpretation of combinatorial multiplication as a ‘chemical conjunction‘, which was developed largely dialectically by Hermann. (shrink)

In this paper, we bring together research on complex problem solving with that on motivational psychology about goal setting. Complex problems require motivational effort because of their inherent difficulties. Goal Setting Theory has shown with simple tasks that high, specific performance goals lead to better performance outcome than do-your-best goals. However, in complex tasks, learning goals have proven more effective than performance goals. Based on the Zurich Resource Model, so-called motto-goals should activate a person’s resources through positive affect. It was (...) found that motto-goals are effective with unpleasant duties. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that motto-goals outperform learning and performance goals in the case of complex problems. A total of N = 123 subject participated in the experiment. In dependence of their goal condition, subjects developed a personal motto, learning, or performance goal. This goal was adapted for the computer-simulated complex scenario Tailorshop, where subjects worked as managers in a small fictional company. Other than expected, there was no main effect of goal condition for the management performance. An unexpected gender effect revealed better performance for men than women, pointing to a potential stereotype threat. As hypothesized, motto goals led to higher positive and lower negative affect than the other two goal types. Even though positive affect decreased and negative affect increased in all three groups during Tailorshop completion, participants with motto goals reported the lowest rates of negative affect. Exploratory analyses investigated the role of affect in complex problem solving via mediational analyses and the influence of goal type on perceived goal attainment. (shrink)

The question “How can humans learn efficiently to make decisions in a complex, dynamic, and uncertain environment” is still a very open question. We investigate what effects arise when feedback is given in a computer-simulated microworld that is controlled by participants. This has a direct impact on training simulators that are already in standard use in many professions, e.g., for flight simulators for pilots, and a potential impact on a better understanding of human decision making in general. Our study is (...) based on a benchmark microworld with an economic framing, the IWR Tailorshop. N=94 participants played four rounds of the microworld, each 10 months, via a web interface. We propose a new approach to quantify performance and learning, which is based on a mathematical model of the microworld and optimization. Six participant groups receive different kinds of feedback in a training phase, then results in a performance phase without feedback are analyzed. As a main result, feedback of optimal solutions in training rounds improved model knowledge, early learning, and performance, especially when this information is encoded in a graphical representation. (shrink)

BackgroundThe merits and drawbacks of moral relevance models of addiction have predominantly been discussed theoretically, without empirical evidence of these potential effects. This study develops and evaluates a novel survey measure for assessing moral evaluations of patient substance misuse (ME-PSM).MethodsThis measure was tested on 524 health professionals (i.e., physicians, nurses, and other health professionals) in California (n = 173), urban France (n = 102), and urban China (n = 249). Demographic factors associated with ME-PSM were investigated using analyses of variance (...) (ANOVAs) and t-tests, with results suggesting that ME-PSM is higher among younger health professionals, nurses (when compared with physicians and other health professionals), and Chinese health professionals (when compared with French and American health professionals).ResultsResults provide preliminary support for the psychometric quality of the survey measure introduced in this study, including the existence of a single latent structure and partial invariance of collected data across countries.ConclusionThe survey measure for ME-PSM which was developed and tested in the current study appears to hold potential utility for use as a measure of moral views of patient substance misuse. With development, this measure may be used to examine moral evaluations, both as factors of stigma and of other clinical factors associated with the treatment of patients with substance use disorders. (shrink)

La publication des Carnets de Carnap et de sa correspondance avec Neurath nous donne de nouveaux aperçus sur l’histoire de la collaboration et de l’amitié entre les deux hommes, qui fut mise à rude épreuve au cours des cinq dernières années. L’article aborde surtout les points qui n’ont reçu jusqu’à présent aucune attention, ou du moins peu d’attention : d’une part, la question de savoir quand et comment ils sont entrés en contact et, d’autre part, comment leurs relations ont évolué (...) après leur dernière rencontre, au cinquième Congrès international pour l’unité de la science, qui s’est tenu à Harvard en septembre 1939, immédiatement après le déclenchement de la seconde guerre mondiale. (shrink)

The degree of corroboration of a scientific hypothesis is an issue that has been repeatedly discussed in modern theory of sciences . In a preceding paper it was shown that the formulae advanced by Popper to calculate the degree of corroboration C are not very satisfactory because the probability values required in the computation of C are not available as a rule. Another equation to measure the degree of corroboration B was proposed ), whereby only the number n of unsuccessful (...) efforts to falsify a scientific hypothesis by means of adequate experiments or observations is needed to be known. Shortly after the publication of these ideas I discovered that Nicolaus Cusanus in his book "De docta ignorantia" had proposed a model of scientific "verisimilitude" which leads to a quite similar relationship between B and the number n of independent proofs or observations. The "polygonal" model of verisimilitude ) mentioned by Cusanus is presumably the first quantitative estimate proposed for this problem in philosophical literature. (shrink)

In the standard volunteer’s dilemma (VoD), a single prosocial act (i.e., volunteering) yields the optimal overall outcome. Whereas the volunteer’s outcome is certain, the defector’s outcome depends on what others do. This research addressed the confounding of prosocial responses with uncertainty avoidance in the standard VoD. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 102) considered 18 hypothetical one-shot two-person VoD scenarios with certain, risky, and uncertain outcomes when volunteering. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 496) considered three hypothetical one-shot two-person VoD (...) scenarios; a certain VoD and two uncertain VoDs of which one had a lower expected collective outcome of volunteering than the certain VoD and the other a higher one. Results suggest that volunteering does not reflect a desire to avoid uncertainty but to maximize expected collective outcomes, reinforcing the assumption that the high volunteering rates we see in a standard VoD are due to social/moral preferences and social projection. (shrink)

When two actors have the same mental state but one happens to harm another person (unlucky actor) and the other one does not (lucky actor), the latter elicits a milder moral judgement. To understand how this outcome effect would affect post-harm interactions between victims and perpetrators, we examined how the social role from which transgressions are perceived moderates the outcome effect, and how outcome effects on moral judgements transfer to agentic and communal interpersonal goals. Three vignette experiments (N = 950) (...) revealed similar outcome effects on moral judgement across social roles. In contrast, outcome effects on agentic and communal goals varied by social role: victims exhibited the strongest outcome effects and perpetrators the weakest, with bystanders falling in between. Moral judgement did not mediate the effects of outcome severity on interpersonal goals. We discuss the possibility that outcome severity raises normative expectations regarding post-harm interactions that are unrelated to moral considerations. (shrink)

To those who would classify Hegel either as an atheist or as a pantheist, Joachim Ringleben’s study of his theory of sin provides a clear and comprehensive challenge. The theme of sin in Hegel’s thought is prima facie an important one, notwithstanding the fact that no other book on Hegel’s philosophy of religion has treated it in depth. This lacuna may account for Ringleben’s omission of the customary review of scholarship. Aside from a few footnotes, his study deals exclusively (...) with Hegel’s writings, interrupting its exposition only several times to discuss criticisms put forward by Kierekgaard and Müller in the 19th century. Accordingly, this review will first indicate the general thrust of the expository chapters, noting highlights rather than attempting summaries, and then turn to the question of critical evaluation of Hegel’s theory. (shrink)

This essay aims to retrace the varied influences of Henri Poincaré’s ideas on the thought of Joachim Metallmann (1889-1942). Metallmann was a Polish Jew who was murdered by the Germans during World War II and has largely been neglected in the West. Metallmann’s philosophy of science inspired by figures like A. N. Whitehead and H. Poincaré was contrary to the positivistic and logicistic trends dominant in Poland in his time, veering towards a metaphysical reflection on nature. The influences of (...) Poincaré’s work can be found throughout Metallmann’s major works. My intention is to show how Metallmann’s idea of emergentism is quite probably based on Poincaré’s theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. Moreover, the structuralist tendencies of Metallmann’s thought can be linked to Poincaré’s ideas. This all proves that Poincaré’s impact on the philosophy of science goes beyond his role as a “father of conventionalism.”. (shrink)

This essay aims to retrace the varied influences of Henri Poincaré’s ideas on the thought of Joachim Metallmann (1889-1942). Metallmann was a Polish Jew who was murdered by the Germans during World War II and has largely been neglected in the West. Metallmann’s philosophy of science inspired by figures like A. N. Whitehead and H. Poincaré was contrary to the positivistic and logicistic trends dominant in Poland in his time, veering towards a metaphysical reflection on nature. The influences of (...) Poincaré’s work can be found throughout Metallmann’s major works. My intention is to show how Metallmann’s idea of emergentism is quite probably based on Poincaré’s theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. Moreover, the structuralist tendencies of Metallmann’s thought can be linked to Poincaré’s ideas. This all proves that Poincaré’s impact on the philosophy of science goes beyond his role as a “father of conventionalism.”. (shrink)

This volume consists of autobiographical by the following scholars, together with pictures and autographs: Raven I. McDavid, Jr., Henry M. Hoenigswald, John B. Carroll, William G. Moulton, Archibald A. Hill, Yakov Malkiel, Charles F. Hockett, Harold B. Allen, William Bright, Einar Haugen, George S. Lane, Frederic G. Cassidy, James B. McMillan, Winfred P. Lehmann, Fred W. Householder, and Dell Hymes. A master list of references, and an index of persons conclude the volume.

Joachim Ritter, ainsi que d’autres auteurs, ont tenté de justifier les sciences humaines à l’aide de la théorie de la « compensation ». Selon lui, les lettres compensent les pertes et les risques engendrés par la progression de la modernisation. La théorie de la compensation semble offrir une justification aux lettres par rapport à la dynamique du monde moderne. Ce qui prima facie paraît intéressant dans une époque où le triomphe des sciences naturelles et de la technologie est manifeste, (...) alors que les sciences humaines doivent défendre leur position. L’article examine quatre critiques à l’égard de la théorie de la compensation : cette théorie est marquée par une approche obsolète de l’histoire ; elle ne tient compte que de la fonction conservatrice des sciences humaines ; elle dégrade ces dernières en les considérant comme annexes aux changements culturels ; enfin, elle surévalue la capacité des sciences humaines à constituer un contrepoids aux pertes et aux risques engendrés par la modernisation. Disserter sur l’histoire de l’église ne compense pas la perte actuelle de la foi. Un essai sur Caspar David Friedrich ne représente pas une compensation pour un paysage ruiné. La croyance que pour chaque perte ou chaque dommage existe une compensation est probablement liée à la croyance religieuse dans le pardon ou aux arguments philosophiques en matière de théodicée. La conclusion est que les lettres ne doivent pas se justifier par des arguments utilitaires. Elles sont « utiles » car elles n’ont pas à être utiles du tout. (shrink)

The Historical Dictionary of Philosophy, the _Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie,_ is distinguished by its particular presentation of philosophical terms, ideas and concepts. Rather than providing mere defintions or descriptive and analytical explanantions the _HWPh_ strictly applies the critical method of history of concepts developed by the eminent German scholar and philosopher Joachim Ritter. By means of precise and detailed references it documents the origin, first occurrence, the historical evolution and the changes of meaning of each concept, from Ancient Greek (...) to contemporary philosophy. For the reader this presentation is of unique value: it makes traceable the importance of terms and concepts at certain periods or for a particular philosopher, as well as its changes and development of meaning. Voulmes 1–12 of the _HWPh_ comprises more than 17.000 text columns on 3.670 philosophical terms. The dictionary does not include articles on persons. Volume 13 includes, besides of a comprehensive introductory essay, three different indexes: - the Subject Index classifies the articles by disciplinary and systematic categories - the Main Index includes all philosophical keywords with more than 30.000 references to their occurrences in other articles and contexts - the Author Index lists all authors and their contributions The included CD-ROM allows full text research of the _HWPh's_ entire content. (shrink)